This paper studies the under-explored yet critical role of WTO's regular bodies, particularly focusing on the discussions of "trade concerns" within the Goods Council, its subsidiary bodies, as well as the General Council. These discussions are pivotal for the governance of international trade...

Climate change entails risks to the global economy and impacts financial stability. Beyond managing related risks, the financial sector can also contribute to the transition toward a net-zero economy. Guided by the ECB's climate and nature plan1 , this paper discusses the methodology and key...

The nominal effective exchange rate (EER) of a currency is an index of the tradeweighted average of its bilateral exchange rates vis-à-vis the currencies of selected trading partners, while the real EER is derived by adjusting the nominal index for relative prices or costs. The nominal EER...

Auch 2023 war Bayern der größte Nettozahler im Länderfinanzausgleich. Durch Abschläge bei der Umsatzsteuerverteilung wurden 9,1 Mrd. Euro bzw. 682 Euro pro Einwohner an andere Bundesländer umverteilt. Die bayerische Verfassungsklage scheint durch diese Daten gestützt zu werden. Allerdings...